Encode hubbard to Base64

Base64 result: aHViYmFyZA==

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Encoding Process: hubbard to aHViYmFyZA==

About the '=' Padding

Base64 encoding requires the input length (in bytes) to be divisible by 3. If it's not, padding is added: Two '=' characters are added when the input length modulo 3 equals 1. This happens because the input length leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 3, indicating that two more bytes are needed to complete the 3-byte group. This ensures the encoded output is properly aligned.

Step 1: Map ASCII Characters to Binary

ASCII Character	Binary Value
h	01101000
u	01110101
b	01100010
b	01100010
a	01100001
r	01110010
d	01100100

Step 2: Group Bits into 6-bit Chunks

The binary string is grouped into 6-bit chunks for Base64 encoding:

011010 000111 010101 100010 011000 100110 000101 110010 011001 00

Step 3: Convert Binary to Base64

Binary Value	Base64 Character
011010	a
000111	H
010101	V
100010	i
011000	Y
100110	m
000101	F
110010	y
011001	Z
00	A

When combined, these characters form the encoded string: "aHViYmFyZA=="

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Base64 Decode

About the '=' Padding

Step 1: Map ASCII Characters to Binary

Step 2: Group Bits into 6-bit Chunks

Step 3: Convert Binary to Base64

More Base64 encodings